(like GVF profiles or hydraulic jump) in more detail. Comparing Manning's equation with other hydraulic formulas.

: Critical flow (minimum specific energy for a given discharge). : Supercritical flow (controlled by upstream conditions). 3. Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)

$$V = C \sqrtRS$$ Where:

Critical depth, specific energy curves, and the application of Bernoulli's theorem in open channels.

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Contrast open channel flow with pipe flow (which is driven by pressure differences in a closed conduit).